Analysis of Mail on Sunday Article on Tourism Essay

Just by looking at the titles given by ‘the mail on sunday’ and the shelter advertisment, a lot can be told. â€Å"Is he keeping the tourists away.† This title from ‘the mail on sunday’ almost instantly puts negative views on the person named ‘he’. This title is very effective in the way that ‘he’ is used instead of ‘she’ or ‘they’. ‘He’ is used because men are a stronger then women and so people feel more uncomfortable when ‘he’ is used. The title is also effective in the way that it gives the basic backround of the subject. By giving a small bit of information the reader wants to read on and find out all the facts. â€Å"The five faces of homelessness.† The title from the shelter advertisment is clever in many ways. The title is cleverly linked to the pictures at the bottom of the page which are pictures of five homeless peoples faces. This advertisment aswell as the Mail on sunday article feeds potential readers a bit of information which makes them want to read on which is what a titles job is. Looking at the language produced by the two articles a lot can be told. The mail on sunday article is written in an informal manner which is effective in the way that it provides a good use of emotive words and phrases. In this article all of the emotive words are used as a weapon against the homeless people. An example of this is when the article uses words like ‘dossers’ and ‘beggars’ or more effectively ‘unwanted deterant’. The emotive words alone give vital information. Effective phrases like ‘army of scroungers’, ‘hordes of beggars’, ‘traditional begging grounds’ and ‘proffetional beggars’ give the reader the impression that the homeless beg in large proffessional groups that are organized like an army. Also expressions like ‘frightening women and older people’ illistrate that the homeless are clever and threatening. The article aso tries to give the impression that the homele ss are a desease by using phrases like ‘a new plague’ or even by using long discrptive sentances : â€Å"Littered with used condoms, broken bottles, larger cans, syringes and human excrement.† This emotive sentance is yet another example of the article suggesting that the homeless bring desease. The words ‘condoms’ and ‘syringes’ direct the reader to thinking about aids. Throughout the article emotive words are used to describe the homeless but are also used to describe towns and cities. â€Å"Regency splendour of Brighton,† â€Å"The network of medievel streets,† â€Å"Magnificent abbey,† â€Å"Historic heart of London† These quotations are full of poetic words which describe tourist attraction cities such as London or Bath. Poetic words are used so that the reader can compare the so called ‘beautiful cities with so called ‘dossers’ or ‘beggars’. This succeeds because it helps the reader to picture a beautiful city and then think of the homeless ‘trashing’ it. Throughout the article the word Britain is used more then six times. This is effective because it is patriotic towards Britain in the way that it tells the reader that it is their country at stake. The use of quotations in the mail on sunday article plays a big part in the effectiveness of the article by backing up the articles statements with facts. One example of this would be when the reporter says about the beggars targeting visitors and foreigners. Later on in the article this is backed up by a quotation from a homeless man: â€Å"The foreigners are the best catch.† In the shelter advertisment the emotive words are used in defence of the homeless. â€Å"My mother’kicked’ me out,† â€Å"My landlord ‘threw’ me out.† These quotations are examples of how emotive words are used to make the reader sympathetic towards the homeless. In this advertisment emotive words are used to tell the reader that most homeless people do not choose to be homeless. The words used in this advertisment are extreamly powerfull and are sometimes repeated because of this. â€Å"Racial harrassment,† â€Å"Sexually abused,† â€Å"physicly abused,† All of these phrases are very simular and are very powerfull. The use of quotations in the shelter advertisment is scarce but effective. In this advertisment quotations are used cleverly by putting captions next to pictures of homeless people. One example is with the picture of the face woman on the phone. â€Å"For three years i was sexually abused by my brother. My parents didn’t believe me, so i left to get away from it.† This is effective because it shows that homeless people are real and that they can not help being homeless. In an article the layout is one of the key factors of success. In the mail on sunday article the layout is outstanding and a lot can be learned from it. The most effective example of clever layout in the mail on sunday article is the big picture of the homeless man surrounded by small pictures of beautiful tourist monuments.The picture of the homeless man is clever because you can not see his face because it is covered by his hair. This is effective because not being able to see his face takes all things that are humane out of him and makes the reader see him as an animal.This is also effective because the picture of the homeless man fits the discription given by the reporter. â€Å"Crackdown on these ugly gangs, with their torn and filthy t shirts, matted hair and pitful stories.† The most clever and effective thing of all is the way that the big picture of the homeless man seems to be pushing away the small pictures of the beautiful monuments. This symbolises the point that the reporter is trieing to make which is that the homeless people are destroying Britains heritage. Another clever piece of layout is where the really important and effective information is enlarged and put in bold. The bold font draws the readers eyes towards the information which makes sure that the most important piece of information is read. â€Å"Beggars making à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 a day who threaten Britains visitors- and a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25bn industry!† The layout of the shelter advertisment aswell as the mail on sunday article is very clever and effective. Aswell as the mail on sunday article the shelter advertisment uses bold writing and enlarged font when expressing an important point: â€Å"Homes cost less than homelessness!† In this advertisment the important points are also put in a box which draws the readers eyes. As said before the editor very cleverly put faces of homeless people with captions next to them proving that most of the homeless are no different to any body else. The most effective layout in this advertisment is where anti homeless statements are written in bold and then underneath statements that counter attack the anti homeless statements: â€Å"Squatters are vandals.† â€Å"Very few squatters damage their squats†¦etc This is clever because it has an answer to attack any anti homeless statement and so the readers views on homeless people change.

School bullying among the students in schools

School intimidation is an act that holding physically, verbally, emotionally or electronically connexions to the victim which connected to instruction. It takes topographic point either interior or outside of the schools. School intimidation can be categorized in types and the common Acts of the Apostless that used to aim on the victims. Strong-arming can ever go on through physically, emotionally, verbally and electronically. This ever repeated in a period of clip. Finally, school intimidation happens in every individual corner in the school. The most happening countries are lavatories, hallways, corridors, canteen, abandoned schoolrooms, school coachs or coach Michigans. Besides, during PE category and deferral clip is the all clip favorites for school toughs to take action on their mark. School toughs ever comes with a group of pupils who are under controlled by a so called leader in the group. Their motivation is to suppress and govern the school among the pupils. They will seek for their mark and finally get down their mission on those weak victims. The group of pupils takes advantage or isolates peculiar pupil and derive the trueness from the bystanders who wants to avoid being the following victim. These school toughs will first annoyer and tease their mark before physically attack the mark. The marks of toughs in school are pupils who are weak and low-self regard, or treated as a monster by their equals. Students who are extraordinary if compared to their equals will handle otherwise by their equals either in the positive ways or frailty versa. In Malaysia, KUALA LUMPUR, 3 July 2007 – â€Å" Recent instances of school intimidation have become a cause for concern in Malaysia. One of the more dismaying incidents of strong-arming that stunned the state was the barbarous assault of a 16-year-old pupil by his school seniors in 2005 which led to his decease. This instance and others like it have raised public concern about force in Malayan schools. â€Å" – ( sumber: unicef Malaysia communications,2007 ) . This incident has rises concerns among the society. This is important and non acceptable which declared by the curate of instruction. The curate of instruction in Malaysia has made a public statement to the toughs that strong-arming instance is non acceptable and unforgiveable. The most of import thing to cognize about intimidation is non merely the signifier of physical force, but the most common destructive signifier in Malaysia schools is psychologically devastations. Peoples tend to concern on physical intimidation but ignored the psychological intimidation. This is a immense error that overlook on one side but non the other side of intimidation, and this is really unsafe that might take to important agony on those victims. Not merely the normal pupils face school intimidation, had princess Aiko from Japan faced the job as well.This incident causes the child absent from school and holding phobia towards school. Her jobs, said the Imperial Household Agency, arose from her â€Å" unsmooth behavior † at the custodies of male childs in her age group at the ultra-exclusive Gakushuin school she attends in cardinal Tokyo. ( The times, 6 March 2010 ) Concept of school intimidation Definition School intimidation is a systematic maltreatment of power ( Rigby, 2002 ) in school which now can specify as aggressiveness violent behaviour on victims who failed to support for themselves. ( Child and Adolescent Mental Health Volume 9, No. 3, 2004, pp. 98-103 ) .In Malaysia, based on a survey, 74.9 % of pupils are psychological-physically victims and followed by 53.2 % pupils involved in both types of intimidation, 14.5 % of non-bullies and eventually 8.6 % of non-victims. Recently, bully has going a major job and it needs to be overcome through step ining plan ( Greenbaum, Turner, Stephens, 1989 ; Wilson, 1992 ) . The whole state were concern and aware of this affair. Study on how common of pupils were bullied in schools reveals that about 80 % of primary school pupils have been bullied, and the bulk happen in the schoolroom. ( sumber: unicef Malaysia communications, 2007 ) Types of school intimidation There several types of intimidation in schools. Strong-arming can take many signifiers as in direct intimidation, indirect intimidation and cyber intimidation. Direct intimidation can be physically assault on the victims or verbally attack. School toughs frequently badgering and twits their victims, verbal onslaughts, jostling and etc. While indirect intimidation is more to verbal and societal behaviour. Bullies will verbal and emotionally assail their victims. Such as, distributing inaccurate rumours about a individual spoilt their repute, practical gags, eschewing and etc. At last, cyber intimidation is the usage of advanced cyberspace engineering, including societal web sites, text messaging and electronic mails to destruct their victims. Verbal intimidation is the most common type of strong-arming experienced by both male childs and misss. Male childs are more likely to be physically bullied by their equals ( Olweus, 1993 ; Nansel et al. , 2001 ) ; misss are more likely to describe being marks of rumorspreading and sexual remarks ( Nansel et al. , 2001 ) . Girls are besides more likely than male childs to bully each other utilizing societal exclusion ( Olweus, 2002 ) . ( beginning: unicef Malaysia communications, 2007 ) The toughs and the victims Besides the traditional functions of bully, victim, and not involved, a figure of surveies have examined the state of affairs of bully-victims or provocative or aggressive victims. Children demoing features of both bully and victim. Not surprisingly, a figure of surveies suggest that these kids are more at hazard than either pure toughs or pure victims ( Duncan, 1999 ; Wolkeet al. , 2000 ) . The toughs usually tend to hold norm or high ego esteem. They possessed with unprompted and hot treated features. They lack of empathy and they do hold troubles in obeying the regulations, the most of import things is they have this positive attitudes towards force ( Olweus, 1993 ) . Who are the marks for the toughs? Bullies will ever cognize who their marks are. They will choose their quarry by judging their marks. Normally victims are in little sizes, nerdy book worm looks, weak and low ego regard. The consequence of strong-arming on the victims is traumatising. It will do the pupil holding phobia towards school. They dare non and afraid of traveling to school. School is a incubus for them and this resulted negative impact on their emotional. They ab initio lost their involvement in school ‘s activities and plants, hapless public presentations in surveies, hapless attendings, and temper swing such as depression, isolated from the others, and limited contact with other people. Effectss of strong-arming â€Å" Emotionally, victims of strong-arming frequently suffer feelings of great hurt and fright whenever they are in school. † ( beginning: unicef Malaysia communications, 2007 ) Most of the victim will set the incrimination on themselves for the intimidation actions, and they believing that it is their failing or incompetency that contributes to them being picked on by the toughs. â€Å" Some victims of strong-arming seaport intense choler and resentment towards toughs and the societal coteries that condone and support strong-arming behaviour. † ( beginning: unicef Malaysia communications,2007 ) If this choler unable to resolutenesss, the victims will stop up strong-arming others to avenge and show their choler, and these are classified as bully-victims. Others might show their cholers such as anti-social behaviour. They may turn up to be hooliganism and larceny. Besides, it might take to suicidal effort. Bullying can take to suicidal effort as important strong-arming behaviour can do a victim to take the self-destructive way to stop the agony. Bullying can impact a kid ‘s learning procedure. In order to hold a quality instruction, a kid should hold explore in a safe, secure and high quality environment for them. These can assist them accommodate into a better acquisition environment and physically, emotionally and intellectually healthy. On the other manus, while under the menace of being injury and humiliation, a kid can ne'er able to carry through their academic potency. While in societal accomplishments, they are tend to be isolated from the others, n left to be low ego regard. Lack of communications and interactions with their equals will do the conditions even worst for them. This may consequences that instance strong-arming grow quickly among the pupils. Factors of act uponing intimidation behaviors Attitude Guerra and Nucci ( 1992 ) found out that delinquent pupils showed a lower inclination to see moral issues as incorrect and harmful than their non delinquent equals, and they considered moral issue as a affair of personal pick. ( Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences ) . This has shows that the fundamental of the individual ‘s personality and attitude influence their behavior. A kid who are holding aggressiveness in attitude will move headlong and foolhardy. This shows that they unable to command their behaviors due to their attitude that has rooted deep in them. â€Å" Therefore, it is expected that higher positive attitude toward aggression predicts higher bully inclination † ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Education al Sciences ) civilizations and environment The civilizations and the school environment plays an of import function in act uponing intimidation in schools. The schools environment and the civilizations in the school conveying a immense impact on act uponing pupils involve in school intimidation. If the school ‘s civilizations in school intimidation has been brought from coevals to coevals, school intimidation in this school instead important and this is the chief concern that school intimidation occurs and unresolved yet. Students easy influenced by a group of people particularly their seniors from higher signifier. Peoples, who have individualist beliefs, are inclined to be personal oriented. ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences ) . The environment around the school is of import. If the environment in the school is tensed and edgy which full of toughs, pupils tend to be losing their intelligence and failed to believe rasionally. Students tend to be either predating the intimidation behavior or go on enduring under this bad circumstance. Family Family members seem to be the most influential party. The relationship between parents and their childs and the manner they parenting will act upon kids ‘s societal behaviour. â€Å" A conflictive, cold and rejecting raring manner leads to a deficiency of consideration for others â€Å" ( Shaffer, 1994 ) . The attitude of the parents rooted in the kid ‘s head and this may consequences how the kid will move in the hereafter. Fraczek and Kirwil ( 1992 ) found out the kids holding the parents, who stress on the accomplishment and competition, tended to be more aggressive than the other kids. ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences ) In a household, parents are the most of import function in educate their kid in a proper manners. Parent ‘s values and beliefs are of import factors to represent the kid ‘s values and beliefs. Parents transfer societal norms and values to the following coevals through direct direction and in vicarious manner. ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences ) ego positions Self perceptual experiences linked to different perceptual experiences from different angles. There are three chief perceptual experiences involved in school intimidation. The victim ‘s positions, Harmonizing to anterior surveies ( Kim, 1997: Kwag, & A ; Lee, 1999 ) , most of victims did non cognize why they were bullied. They have the thought which they are excessively bashful and does n't hold any close friends. Some of victims regarded their bad school class and toughs ‘ evilness as the ground of intimidation ( Kim, 1997 ; Schaefer, 1998 ) . ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences ) While in toughs ‘ positions, they are either manner excessively superior to the others or they are intimidated and feeling insecure. Mostly toughs who are superior ever choose their weak victims as their marks. While those toughs who are insecure ever toughs to acquire attending and needed friends to environ them. Beside of them, parents ‘ house, retaliation and victim ‘s bad school public presentation were selected as the ground of intimidation. ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences ) While bystanders are those who either could be a victim or non. They thought that victim ‘s behaviors largely is the ground that being bullied. As for the toughs, they bullied to derive strength and they merely behaves like the others. ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences ) Wayss to control the job Teachers Teachers play a critical function in supervised the pupils so that they do the right things. Therefore, by utilizing the instruction assignments and undertakings on a hebdomadal or monthly footing, can promote the pupils in making the right things. As a instructor, pupils ‘ safety is the chief concern. School intimidation can be doing problems and jobs for the instructors. Teachers have to do a base that strong-arming is non tolerated and acceptable in schoolroom, schools and everyplace. Teachers have to guarantee that if anyone in the school has a job with intimidation, they must describe or hold personal talk with the instructor. Teachers must allow the pupils know that they can be trusted and guarantee their safety. Teachers should take action instantly one time witnesses instance strong-arming in his or her presence. Besides offering protections and immediate actions, instructors are responsible in educate the pupils about the school intimidation. The importance of anti-bul lying in school and terrible penalties will offer if blustery happen around the school compound. Teachers should put a good illustration and be a function theoretical account among the pupils. Students tend to detect and copy instructors ‘ behaviors. Teachers should ever allow a kid feel loved, appreciated and respected. Besides, instructors should advance a sharing and loving civilization among the pupils. School Schools play a critical function efficaciously to cut down intimidation by developing a safe and supportive school environment ; School should raise the consciousness among the pupils, instructors, parents and the populace every bit good. School ‘s authorization should offer better supervising during deferral and tiffin hr by instructors. Meanwhile, consistent and immediate effects for aggressive behaviour must take topographic point. School should promote the populace and offer generous congratulations for pro-social and helpful behaviour by pupils. Besides, school authorization should outline out a specific category regulations which against intimidation. If school detected instance strong-arming around the school country, serious single negotiations with toughs and with victims must take topographic point. Other than that, serious negotiations with parents of toughs and victims are really of import. School should ever update the pupils ‘ intelligence to their parents a nd forestall the jobs together. Last, a meeting of the school with parent-teacher ( place and school ) organisation on the subject of strong-arming should keep one time a piece to understand and happen solutions for bars. Parents Parents play a critical function in prevents and kerb school intimidation. A loving and caring household ever can demo support to the kid. Parents should raise the consciousness among themselves in order to protect their kid from danger. Everyone has the duty in work outing the job. Parents are encouraged to collaborate with the school instantly to do certain their kid is safe. Parents should educate the values and the right things to the kid. Parent ‘s attitude and ways in conveying up the kid determined the kid either to be a utile individual or a bully in the society. Parents should seek to pass on with their kid, understand them, listen to their feelings and happen the major job in their kid. If the kid is timid, deficiency of interactions with equals, parents should set up their kid to take part in positive societal groups which able to run into his or her involvements. In order to develop their kid ‘s particular accomplishments and self assurance in the societal gro up can be really helpful. Parents should work manus in manus with school by proposing that the school to implement an anti-bullying plan. Media How media can play a portion in prevent school intimidation in schools? Media play a critical function in prevents school intimidation. Ads should able to raise the consciousness among the populace. After all, media is the best manner to convey the messages and consciousness towards the populace. Besides, Television, films and videogames are the chief beginnings in influences the childs and carry more verbal and physical force. In order to keep the duty among the populace, media literacy seems to be a good manner to forestall force among the kid. Media should hold censoring on force issues on the television, films and picture games. Besides, by raising the consciousness among the populace through the wireless Stationss, newspapers articles and streamers. Besides, cyberspace is one of the engineering media that can distribute a word through the web to the whole universe broad. In United States, they set up an anti-bullying web site which included information on instructors ‘ fun ction, schools ‘ function, victims and bystanders ‘ function. It included ways to forestall and how to halt the strong-arming spread in schools or around them. Theory in sociology of instruction that connected in this issue. The sociology of instruction is a survey on the function and the relationship between the society and instruction, and the relationship between the chief aims and procedure Research and development in instruction. Besides, it included the relationship between the public establishments, spiritual and political facets in instruction field. There are three chief theories were introduced in this survey, the functionalism, struggle and symbolic interactionism. In this subject, the instance of school intimidation is a societal issue that associated with physical force behaviour which is consider easy under certain conditions, such as poorness, racial or aggressive cholers or household influences. Under Conflicts theory, the chief laminitis is Karl Marx â€Å" the Communist pronunciamento † emphasizes on the societal position or societal life in the society, the materialist of history and the subjugation of economic from revolution or, at least, reform. In this theory there is something similar that related to strong-arming. The instability of the societal position that raises struggles in the society. So as in school, the pupils form themselves a hierarchy system harmonizing to their academic potency. This shows that â€Å" societal position † among the school childs. The higher position or so called the high intelligent childs will command the lower position citizens. They will ache the childs through verbally, physically and emotionally to derive their position and strength or protagonists. In Karl Marx ‘s theory is that the economic construction in society leads to political subjugation. As in history, people make usage of their economic position to derive the control among the people in the hierarchy. The economic construction of society includes the thoughts of political orientations, morality, literature and humanistic disciplines. From the history, reflects on what is go oning in the school now. School strong-arming someway derives from the history. How the toughs uses their strength or position power to derive attractive force and power in suppressing the weakest links. While in the educational angle to see this theory, the function of the school seems like is the topographic point to make the societal position hierarchy among the society. Schools which adapted this attack usually is a school of elites. They emphasizes on the importance of societal position and positives competitions among the pupils. The school is dominated by the elect group, as for the incompetency pupils or comes from the lower category in the hierarchy will stay as the low category citizens. The school will ever prioritise the elect groups. The school intimidation starts and will stay as a civilization here, as the school precedence is the elect groups and they emphasizes on societal position. The instructors are playing a critical function here. Although the civilization and environment in the school encourages strong-arming indirectly, instructors should put a function theoretical account to avoid negatives competitions and malicious, practical mean behavior among the pupils. The theory that applies in some certain school shows that this attack encourages competitions between one and another. In order to take down one and another, to turn out that the winning, position and strength. There are critics on this attack shows that it does non keep the stableness among the society. In instruction field, no affair which approach the school adapts ; the function of the school should ever supply the quality instructions and academic intents to a kid.DrumheadSchool intimidation occurs everyplace in this universe. In United States, pupils who are under depression resulted of intimidation were choosing for self-destructive effort to stop these average behavior. The intent for pupils to travel to school is to obtain know shelfs, acquisition and be a better individual who can lend to the society.The factors that lead to school strong-arming occur in school chiefly because of influences. Influences from the equals force per unit area, influences from the society, and in fluences from the household, influences from the school and environment, and the civilizations are directed to the incidents and effects of instance intimidation.The chief functions in kerb the jobs ever arouse with the instructors, the schools, the parents, the media, and the society. Everyone has the duties to get the better of this job. Everyone has the duty to control this job and to cut down the hazard in aching the kid.Research on the statistics of school intimidation in Malaysia harmonizing to a statistics gathered by the Center for Addiction and Mental Health, approximately one in three pupils in signifier 1-5 reported been bullied at school, non merely merely at the resort area, but the hallways, corridors, lavatories and every corner in the school. Now, the latest toughs ‘ technique is by utilizing the latest engineering. They use internet, trial messages, electronic mails and cyberspace poster to societal webs ; to intimidate their marks.

Primary education Essay

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic. Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. A right to education has been recognized by some governments. At the global level, Article 13 of the United Nations’ 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Etymology Etymologically, the word â€Å"education† is derived from the Latin educatio from educo which is related to the homonym educo from e- and †duco . Type of education Education can take place in formal or informal educational settings. Formal education Systems of schooling involve institutionalized teaching and learning in relation to a curriculum, which itself is established according to a predetermined purpose of the schools in the system. Schools systems are sometimes also based on religions, giving them different curricula. Curriculum. In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses and their content offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults. A curriculum is prescriptive, and is based on a more general syllabus which merely specifies what topics must be understood and to what level to achieve a particular grade or standard. An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at the university–or via some other such method. Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities and applied sciences. Educational institutions may incorporate fine arts as part of K-12 grade curricula or within majors at colleges and universities as electives. The various types of fine arts are music, dance, and theater. Preschools The term preschool refers to a school for children who are not old enough to attend kindergarten. It is a nursery school. Preschool education is important because it can give a child the edge in a competitive world and education climate. While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors and designs when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children who already possess that knowledge. The true purpose behind kindergarten is â€Å"to provide a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three to seven year old children that aimed at unfolding the child’s physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them. † This period of education is very important in the formative years of the child. Teachers with special skills and training are needed at this time to nurture the children to develop their potentials. Primary schools Primary education consists of the first 5–7 years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school. In India, compulsory education spans over twelve years, out of which children receive elementary education for 8 years. Elementary schooling consists of five years of primary schooling and 3 years of upper primary schooling. Various states in the republic of India provide 12 years of compulsory school education based on national curriculum framework designed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training. Secondary schools In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, â€Å"post-secondary†, or â€Å"higher† education for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession. The emergence of secondary education in the United States did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories, that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved to be beneficial for both employers and employees, for the improvement in human capital caused employees to become more efficient, which lowered costs for the employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees with just primary educational attainment. In Europe, grammar schools or academies date from as early as the 16th century, in the form of public schools, fee-paying schools, or charitable educational foundations, which themselves have an even longer history. Alternative Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, is a broad term that may be used to refer to all forms of education outside of traditional education . This may include not only forms of education designed for students with special needs, but also forms of education designed for a general audience and employing alternative educational philosophies and methods. Alternatives of the latter type are often the result of education reform and are rooted in various philosophies that are commonly fundamentally different from those of traditional compulsory education. While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education. These alternatives, which include charter schools, alternative schools, independent schools, homeschooling and autodidacticism vary, but often emphasize the value of small class size, close relationships between students and teachers, and a sense of community. Alternative education may also allow for independent learning and engaging class activities. Special. In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were often educated by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. Special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities in its early years, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning. Vocational Vocational education is a form of education focused on direct and practical training for a specific trade or craft. Vocational education may come in the form of an apprenticeship or internship as well as institutions teaching courses such as carpentry, agriculture, engineering, medicine, architecture and the arts. Informal education Autodidacticism Autodidacticism is self-directed learning that is related to but different from informal learning. In a sense, autodidacticism is â€Å"learning on your own† or â€Å"by yourself†, and an autodidact is a self-teacher. Autodidacticism is a contemplative, absorbing process. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one’s life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Michael Faraday, Charles Darwin, Thomas Alva Edison, Tadao Ando, George Bernard Shaw, Frank Zappa,and Leonardo da Vinci . Indigenous Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to â€Å"reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students. † Education through recreation The concept of education through recreation was first applied to childhood development in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities. L. P. Jacks, also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreation: â€Å"A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well. † Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life’s activities. The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students. Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Open education is generally significantly cheaper than traditional campus based learning and in many cases even free. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. Many people despite favorable studies on effectiveness may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons. The conventional merit system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities. Although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Currently many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal â€Å"academic value† to traditional degrees. Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. There has been a culture forming around distance learning for people who are looking to enjoy the shared social aspects that many people value in traditional on campus education that is not often directly offered from open education. Examples of this are people in open education forming study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege. Liberal arts colleges A liberal arts institution can be defined as a â€Å"college or university curriculum aimed at imparting broad general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. † Although what is known today as the liberal arts college began in Europe, the term is more commonly associated with Universities in the United States. Community colleges A nonresidential junior college offering courses to people living in a particular area. Learning modalities There has been much interest in learning modalities and styles over the last two decades. The most commonly employed learning modalities are: Visual: learning based on observation and seeing what is being learned. Auditory: learning based on listening to instructions/information. Kinesthetic: learning based on movement, e. g. hands-on work and engaging in activities. Other commonly-employed modalities include musical, interpersonal, verbal, logical, and intrapersonal. Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter, based on the works of Jung, focus on understanding how people’s personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc’s Type Delineator follows a similar but more simplified approach. Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities, while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles, learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences. A consequence of the latter theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them. Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as VAK are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children and therefore restrict learning. Recent research has argued â€Å"there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice. † Instruction Instruction is the facilitation of another’s learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline.

Www.muhammad.net Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Www.muhammad.net - Assignment Example The website integrates Islamic figures, representations and terminologies which are clearly explained, an ideal that indicates adoration of the Islamic culture and the worship of Allah alone. Allah masters and administrates the systems of His creation, all alone, fulfilling their necessities and rescuing them from all sorts of calamities and hardships. Muhammad explains that Allah is perfect in his deeds, is extraordinary and faultless. He is self-sufficient, possessing exclusive attributes that include being immortal, author of all knowledge and wisdom, has no companion and He is highly exalted for His nobility and nature. People hold certain misconceptions and assumptions about God which are mere lies. Talk of God being associated with a race of Gods in the company of angels. People’s understanding that God exists in royalty but aided in administrative roles by angels and an adopted son is argued a lie by Mohammad. God is superior, and perfect in His deeds, thus requires no assistance in His roles. He created the universe and his components with the absolute power to master, administer and sustain them all by His own. Assigning Him the attributes of fatherhood to a son contradicts God’s identity, since Allah has got no partner and is immortal. God could not relate with the so called Angels and bear a son, since He is the initiator of everything and has commanded all to worship Him. God is not identified by race or gender rather than the understanding that He is supreme, deity, perfect, independent, ever-living, and sustainer of all humanity. Mohammad emphasizes these assumptions held by people to be totally false, superstitious and baseless. www.muhammad.net is therefore a website to protect the nature of Allah from superstitions and lies, thus upholding the true nature of God as divine, immortal, perfect, free, immortal and not limited to time, race or gender which could bear Him a son. It places

Green IT Strategies and Applications Research Paper

Green IT Strategies and Applications - Research Paper Example An audit was carried out taking into consideration various factors of carbon efficiency, waste management, resources distribution and IT advancement. It was found that plenty of room is available for improvement in controlling environmental hazards produced by the super store. Carbon footprints are obvious from the reports. After the audit, a Chief Green Officer has been appointed to take steps in transforming Hyper Star into a Green IT complex. He, along with his team, will carry out initial diagnosis and survey of hyper star in light of reports of audit. They will suggest the changes required for the transformation. After Green IT transformation, Hyper Star will be able to influence its partner super stores working in the state of New Jersey. It is required to use resources in an intelligent manner for overall benefit of the employees of Hyper Star and for enhanced environmental care. The issue is raising the efficiency in the manner to utilize minimum resources, minimum waste and maximum performance and results. The return on investment (ROI) by stake holders is beyond just reducing the environmental impact; its about optimizing the resources for the best efficiency. Preliminary Investigation by Green IT Team The higher authorities and stake holders of Hyper Star demanded the Peer review to be conducted by a Green IT team to analyze their store in the light of environmental compliance. An audit team was established comprising CGO, IT experts, managers of different section of Hyper Star and some members from stores inside Hyper Star. The audit was focused on four factors. Input in the form of economical factors Socio-cultural norms and attitude of employees Business Infrastructure Technical Development Following findings were published in their report. Carbon emissions are large enough to threaten the environment regarding global warming. Hyper star is doing an extensive business in New Jersey and can be quite helpful by creating network with Partner Organiza tions. The waste management is not proper. Plenty of items are being wasted without taking any care of them. The items for sale and complementary products for use by the employees are quite large in number. Considering IT items only, the store contains 200 laptops, 100 desktop machines, 250 Printer machines for tracking records of items purchases by customer, 10 membership card identification modules and 20 tag identification modules for recognizing prices on various items. All these things create significant amount of carbon emissions into the environment i.e. nearly 70 kilo tons of carbon in a month. The equipments used by the staff is aging and contributing more towards carbon emissions, Moreover, the computers which keep record of the items purchased has a huge database that itself is a big burden on environment in terms of carbon footprints. Proper tagging of items is not ensured leading towards use of papers and other small stickers by the staff to tag the prices. As a result, more stuff is produced contributing towards the ultimate waste. Scheduling the billing of each customer is not automated. People have to wait in line for their turn. Also cash counters are not enough to deal with a large number of customers. Reforms are required in this regard. A huge data server is required to be set up that keeps a centralized record of each and every activity in the store. Proper videos will have to be made to minimize the risk of items being

Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Terrorism - Research Paper Example However, in a survey conducted among Moroccan respondents, it was noted that they perceived suicide bombings as a reasonable strategy against westerners such as the Americans. Islamic communities, in their support for terrorism, may be influenced by their opinions about western countries or their attitudes regarding the ways to deal with wars and the larger world. Due to such significant factors, they may perceive that Islam is greatly under threat. Differences that are specific to each country may be considered as relevant conditions with which to base one nation’s support for terrorism, particularly their political, social, and religious aspects. Such findings, however, may not be completely consistent with other investigations about the establishment and expansion of Islamic terrorism. Majority of relevant studies demonstrate differences when it comes to focus, emphasizing the underlying motivators of the members of terrorist organizations such as certain groups focusing on suicide bombing especially when most of their strategies have failed (Crenshaw, 1998) or when they have the need to compete and obtain public support (Bloom, 2005). It has also been found that countries who are in the transition process from being authoritarian to democratic are at an increased risk for supporting terrorist activities (Abadie, 2004).It has also been suggested that countries who are governed through authoritarianism may have most of the resources needed to combat terrorism (Gause, 2005). Nonetheless, many still perceive that support for terrorism among Islamic countries are mainly driven by their strong opposition against the policies of powerful western countries such as the US. Specifically, Islamic countries that are in agreement with the suicide actions against Americans do not necessarily oppose their cultural freedoms; rather they object the US foreign policies especially those that concern the Middle East. Other factors may or may not be influential to the su pport of Islam for terrorism; for instance, it was found out by Haddad and Khashan (2002) that younger individuals who support political Islam tend to approve more of the September 11 attacks on the US. However, educational attainment and income do not affect their support for such terrorist attempts. In another study by Krueger and Maleckova (2002), poverty and low educational attainment do not contribute to the Islamic citizens’ support for terrorist activities. Interestingly, it was found out that young individuals, especially women, who frequently make use of their computers, strongly perceive that Islam is being threatened, and desire for religious leaders to have a more important function in political activities are most likely to provide support for terrorism against civilians (Fair and Shepherd, 2006). Moreover, those who are living in poverty are less likely to be supportive of such activities. In a 2005 survey for measuring Islamic countries’ support for terr orism, certain factors were considered such as the respondents’ views on Islam, their opinions regarding democracy, and their attitudes toward the US (Wike, 2006). Demographic variables were shown to not have strong influence on Islam support for terrorism; however, it was indicated that gender played a role among Islamic citizens and their support

English grammar and spelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English grammar and spelling - Essay Example The part that I am doing is making a program by using Microsoft Visual Basic. It can control the wireless robot by the tool panel program, which is made in Visual Basic, by using the serial communication system to send the characters through the COM port to be received by the robot wireless device. In controlling the robot movement in different directions, for example; the Visual Basic Program sends character "E" for moving forward and "C" for backward, "S" for left and "F" for right and "D" for stopping the movement. In addition to making a screen in Visual Basic program, the user is able to view the live video directly by changing the size of the screen. The user can control the robot by pressing buttons. Apart from my own efforts, the success of any project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of my instructors. I would like to show my greatest appreciation to my instructors for allowing me to explore fields like Robotics and Image processing. I am grateful for their constant support and help. The characterization of the BASIC language is easy to use and easy to learn. Most copies and versions of BASIC language allows the user to communicate with the computer directly. BASIC is used in the fields of science and commercial, as well as other areas. The Visual Basic program is one of the best programs for beginners. Also, the Visual Basic language is easier than C++ and Java. It is a programming language that is considered to be one of the most important computer languages in use today. The original name was Basic, but then it developed to become Visual Basic. Visual language is easy to learn, simple, powerful and famous. It also requires some logical thinking, though it is an easy way for most of the beginners to make programs specifically for them. For example, to facilitate their tasks of their daily jobs. The programming of the robot involves working on developing the capacity of some interested groups from the community; there

Reflective and action plan evaluating positive and negative aspects of Essay

Reflective and action plan evaluating positive and negative aspects of the experience(my experience - Essay Example During my tenure at the ministry, I was responsible for the maintenance of records and making correspondences with the clients and other relevant stakeholders of the department, through sending and receiving mails. Occasionally I could accompany the tax collecting team to assist them, especially when the workload was more for them. This way, I also got an opportunity to meet and interact with different types of entrepreneurs, managers and business people, allowing me to enhance my communication skills while also learning some relevant business skills. Nevertheless, there are numerous challenges that come with such a job position, or any other job that entails dealing directly with clients (Brink and Berndt, 2004, p.77). While dealing with clients directly, tolerance and patience are some of the vital aspects that an individual should possess since some clients are uncooperative, while still others lack understanding. Thus, my tenure at the tax department has prepared me well for any future responsibility. Discussion Working is a responsibility that entails diverse concepts, as opposed to being a one-sided issue. While being recruited at the Saudi Arabian ministry of finance, Department of Tax, the consideration was made for the position of a clerical officer, whose responsibility entailed the maintenance of records and making correspondences with the clients and other relevant stakeholders of the department, through sending and receiving mails. However, in the course of my tenure in the department, it became apparent that employees, regardless of the job position they have been recruited for, must be flexible and adaptable to the multi-faceted working environment, which requires them to undertake some responsibilities which were not part of the initial job description, based on the prevailing circumstances. Thus, an individual is forced to switch roles and tasks, depending on how the situation and the expectations changes (Mintzberg, 1989 p72). Having been recr uited as a clerical officer responsible for maintenance of records and making correspondences, I ended-up working as a member of the tax collection team, whenever the team was over-burdened by the workload, or under circumstances where there was little clerical work to be undertaken. Additionally, I was delegated some duties that ought to be managerial duties, which included representing my seniors in certain meetings. Therefore, the first significant experience that I obtained from working in the Tax department of the Saudi Arabian ministry of Finance is flexibility and adaptability to changing situations and organizational needs, which can see an employee engaging in a responsibility that is totally different, from the initial responsibilities, as indicated under the job description (Brink & Berndt, 2004 p43). The next invaluable lesson that I learnt during my tenure in the Tax department is the value and the role of teamwork and interpersonal relationship within an organization. While every employee is recruited as an individual into an organization, there is no way in which the employee can fulfill the duties and responsibilities

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate governance - Essay Example Governance is the way or the structure the CEO, the owner and board of directors together with direct, control, coordinate the business in terms of managing the assets, processes and systems within the organizational setting (Pounds, 2008, YouTube video). Corporate governance is the legal as well as organizational framework, or certain principles and processes by which corporations are governed. Corporate governance thus relates to powers, accountability and relationships of those people who are involved in the direction and controlling of the corporation (Plessis, Hargovan and Bagaric, 2010, p. 4). As Tricker (2012, p. 4) pointed out, all different types of corporate entities need governing body. For a company, the governing body is its board of directors, and for other types of business firms, it may be a council, a court, a committee or an agency. Corporate governance is thus all about the way the power is exercised over corporate entities. Importance of Corporate Governance Corpo rate governance is more concerned with directing and controlling of corporate bodies mainly with a view to enhance shareholder value. Since the processes and systems of corporate governance lay the foundation for business growth in the future, it positively impacts the profitability and overall business performance and this is the reason why it ensures enhanced shareholder value. Firms with credible corporate governance in place are free to go about their own ways to increase shareholder values and continue to gain growth. New investors can be encouraged to invest in securities or existing investors can be motivated to expand their investments only if there is effective corporate governing system at corporate levels. Are companies run ultimately for ‘profits’, or ‘shareholder values’ or social responsibilities? This is perhaps an overwhelming academic debate. Corporate governance doctrine underlies the fact that a company must be run for ‘shareholder value’. Lynn A. Stout, a modern thinker in the field of corporate governance and professor at Cornell Law School, argued that corporate governance is more likely to amount shareholder dictatorship. She is of the strong side that ‘shareholder value’ concept of the corporate governance is not the modern corporate practice. Shareholder value thinking has in recent years been found to harm investors overtime (Stout, 2011, YouTube video). Effective governance practices are becoming sources of competitive advantage among world economies to attract wider international capital. One of the main reasons why there has been considerable prominence in corporate governance in recent years was that companies were in greater need to access all types of financial resources and also to harness the power of private dictatorship for the social as well as economic wellbeing. Good governance not only ensures better shareholder values, but also speeds up competitive adaptation. Good co rporate structure to eliminate unethical behavior As to the core of corporate governance, the board of directors is supposed to fulfill three fundamental responsibilities; protecting stakeholder rights and interests, managing the risks and creating business values. These functions are closely related to eliminating unethical and unscrupulous practices that the board or agencies may practice. For

Minor Assignment 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minor Assignment 4 - Essay Example The greatest support for this model has been the finding that several experimental variables, such as frequency of feedback and practice conditions, differentially affect the accuracy of the underlying GMP and the assigned temporal and parameters (Heuer, Schmidt, & Ghodsian, 1995; Wulf, Lee, & Schmidt, 1994; Wulf, Schmidt, & Deubel, 1993). Answer: Schmidt et al. (1979) suggested that time constraints affect temporal parameterization in that larger neuromuscular forces are required to produce movement amplitudes in short versus longer movement times. Also immaturity in the neuromuscular system or the central pathways regulating visuomotor integration would be expected to result in greater performance variability (Motor Control). 3. Wulf, G., Schmidt, R. A., & Deubel, H. (1993). Reduced feedback frequency enhances generalized motor program learning but not parameterization learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(5), 1134-1150. 4. Motor Control in Children and Adults during a Non-Speech Oral Task. http://www.asha.org/NR/rdonlyres/7B1B6246-9009-46A5-A66D-F48956B5D3ED/0/11448_1.pdf. Accessed 22 October 2008. 5. Schmidt, R. A., Zelaznik, H., Hawkins, B., Frank, J. S., & Quinn, J. T. (1979). Motor- output variability: A theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts. Psychological Review, 86,

Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

Julius Caesar Essay Each unlawful overthrow ends in disastrous consequences because no one knows whether the next leader will achieve greatness or insignificance. The country wouldn’t be prepared for such an event such as an assassination. It also causes chaos among the people because many individuals will be furious because they may have loved the original leader. There will be more riots and a less civilized society. Brutus and Cassius had a plan which they would assassinate Julius Caesar. They both agreed they wanted to, but for different reasons. Brutus says that it would ruin the republic because the people would want someone like Caesar as king. Cassius is irritated because he believes that Julius Caesar is just as normal as Brutus and himself. He thinks that Caesar is going to be treated as a god rather than a king and Caesar didn’t do anything to deserve to be king. Cassius brings in cases where Caesar is a mortal man such as Caesar not being able to swim and Caesar having a seizure in Spain. The consequence that â€Å"conspirators† were facing was that if they assassinated Caesar, they knew they were going to be killed. Mark Antony wanted revenge on the conspirators. He was the last one to speak at Caesars funeral which was very favorable to him because no one can oppose. Now, people will remember his speech the most out of anyone’s and more people will follow him. Antony also paused a lot in his speech so people had time to actually think about what he was saying. This led to a civil war where many of the conspirators were murdered. â€Å"Julius Caesar† is connected to â€Å"The Lord of the Flies† because in both books, a group of people wanted to overthrow their leader or just disagreed with their leader. Ralph and Piggy discover a conch and they used it to call over the other boys. When everyone was together, they elected Ralph as their leader. Ralph appoints Jack in charge of hunting for food for the entire group. Ralph sets up a system where the hunters set a fire so when someone passes by, they’ll see someone’s on the island. When someone passed by, the fire was out and Ralph and Piggy were furious. The conch symbolized order and normal civilization. When in a meeting, they would blow the conch to give people the right to speak. While searching for the monster, the kids see a silhouette of a parachute. Jack and Ralph hold a meeting telling the group of what they have just seen. During the meeting, Jack calls Ralph cowardly and proposes Ralph being removed from office. Jack walks away with the hunters. Meanwhile Ralph and the remaining children build a new fire. Before finishing the fire, most of the kids have moved to Jacks side. Jack declares himself the new leader. Life under Jacks dictatorship was quite violent. He organized a hunt with the new tribe members. During the hunt, they had a ritual where they slaughtered a sow to solemnize the event. After, the members cut off the sows head and they placed it on a sharpened stake. They put it in the jungle as an offering to the beast. When they were under Ralphs rule, they were never this uncivilized and unorganized. The Lord of the Flies is a voice that Simon keeps hearing. The Lord of the Flies tells Simon that Simon will never escape him. It says it exists within all men. It represents the madness that the children under Jack believe in. When Simon waked up, he goes to tell everyone that he saw a dead parachutist. The other see a shadowy figure from the jungle which they don’t know is Simon and they kill him. It just shows the chaos that’s happening on the island that they would kill their own friend. The final struggle of Mark Antony was what he should do regarding the conspirators. The conspirators had just killed King Julius Caesar. Once Mark Antony took over, he had to make a decision whether to he should or shouldn’t take revenge on the assassinators. The final struggle between Jack and Ralph was if Jack should call truce with Ralph or not. The children needed to find a plan to get off the island and Jacks clan chasing Ralph to kill him wasn’t the solution. A comparison with â€Å"Julius Caesar† and â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is that a normal person tries to corrupt the leader in one way or another. The difference is that in â€Å"Julius Caesar†, Brutus and Cassius try to assassinate Caesar, but they don’t necessarily want to take over. They just truly believe that Caesar does not deserve to be king because they think he’s a normal person. In â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, Jack tries to overtake Ralph, but not assassinate like Brutus and Cassius. The similarity is that they both succeed in what they want to accomplish. Brutus and Cassius kill Caesar and Jack overtakes Ralph as leader. The Tusnian Revolution was a revolt against President Zine El Abidine Ben Alio who was president from 1987 to 2011. They revolted because there was a high unemployment rate, food inflation, and corruption. Also, the living conditions were very poor and there was barely any freedom of speech. President Ben Alio resigned in January 2011. You can learn from â€Å"Julius Caesar† and â€Å"Lord of the Flies† that one shouldn’t think that you’re above all and on a higher power than everyone else.

The video shop like letters Essay Example for Free

The video shop like letters Essay The task is to create a logo that can promote the video shop, and be put on all to do with the video shop like letters. My logo should be simple but effective, and not to cheesy. It should catch peoples eye, and make them want to read on. I will try to do this with colour and pictures. Software Requirements The software I choose must be able to: Â  Import pictures, so that I can actually create the logo. Â  Move and edit pictures, so that the logo can be tweaked, and the pictures do not stay as their original. Input text, so that the logo has text as well as pictures and so the name Mercury Entertainment can be on the logo. Shade pictures, so that I can make the logo look and have a professional feel. Â  Overlap and underlay objects, again to create a stylish look, and make the logo look the best it can. Change the text colour, font, and size, so that I do not have to keep boring Arial text, and can make a good logo. Â  Convert to pictures, so that I can save the copy as a jpeg file, to save space and time loading the original file, and then copying it from there. I could produce the logo using a word processor. This is a limited, but simple way of doing the logo. It can do everything above, apart from edit pictures in the way that other programs can do. It can wrap text, and edit the brightness, but it cannot edit pictures in the most expert technique that I want, for example, fading different parts of the graphic, or overlapping objects. It would be able to produce the logo, but it might not be as good as if I used another program. I need it to look the best I can because I want to promote the business as much as possible. I could produce the logo using MS Paint , but this a very basic program, more so than the word processor. It does not have import feature, but you can use traditional copy and paste. It cannot overlap and underlay objects with a toolbar button, but of course, you will be able to by just placing one graphic over another. It cannot convert graphics to pictures either; well I cannot find a tool for it. I will produce the logo using Serif PagePlus 8, because it is the most expert program that I have to choose from, and it will help me to create the logo to the full quality. It can import pictures through the typical copy and paste, and through Insert Picture. It can move pictures through the normal method, by clicking and holding the left mouse button over the picture and then dragging it to where you want it to be. It can input text through the keyboard, just as any other program does. To shade a picture, you must highlight the picture and then click on the attributes tab on the right. Then there is a shade slide bar on the bottom, which you can slide to the right to shade lighter and right for heavier. It can over and under lap objects with the two buttons on the arrange toolbar, at the top: With these, the left sends the item to the back, and the right one brings the picture to the front. Text is edited in the standard way, by the toolbar at the top, or by clicking Format Character. It can convert things to pictures. You have to highlight the certain graphics you want to be a picture, and then click Tools Convert to Picture It will then come up with a box: Select JPEG from the combo box, as it provides a picture with small file size, and therefore easiest and fastest to work with. After this, it will be converted to a jpeg; however, it will be inside the page plus publication. To export the picture so that it is a new file, highlight the picture, and click File Export As Picture This will then open a new window, enabling you to save the picture as a certain format. I chose JPEG, because it has the smallest compression size at a 24-bit format. This will enable me to use it quickly and efficiently. Conclusion I am going to use Serif Page plus 8 for my logo, as it is the most professional and enables me to do things in which a word processor and MS Paint cannot. It is much easier to use from a graphic point of view, and it is not hard to put in text. I also know much more about it than I do a word processor or MS Paint, which makes it easier to work with. That means, if I use a word processor or MS Paint, it will be very time-consuming to find out how to do things that I am not sure about doing. Outline Plan I will type Mercury Entertainment straight into the package in a logo art format, so that it is more eye-catching, and can be changed to different shapes and colours, and can have shadows and backgrounds. I will get my graphics from Microsoft Office Design Gallery. This is because it has a wide selection of clipart and graphics, all available for download. I will bring them onto the page by copy and paste. When you download it, the picture appears in the clipart window, and you can easily highlight it, and then copy (Ctrl + C) and then go to the Page plus 8 windows and press (Ctrl + V) to import it onto the display. I will probably use Times New Roman, as it is the easiest to read, and the default font, that is not that boring. See below. I will then export the thing as a picture, after highlighting it, so it can be used universally. Appendix Trebuchet MS Nice font, easy-to-read, and practical. Tempus Sans ITC Sophisticated, but not that clear first time, better for wine lists. Times New Roman Very good, clear, definitely using this, it is very clear for all ages. Verdana Big, very clear, but it does not look attractive. Arial Easy-to-read, but plain, better for kids stories. Book Antiqua Very Attractive, but still clear, definitely using this. Calisto MT Much like Times New Roman, but more kid-like. Comic Sans MS Very plain and young. Graphite Light ATT Sophisticated and cool, but too narrow. Lucida Handwriting Very nice, but not too easy-to-read. Design of Promotion Logo Michael Boulter 11. 7.

Primary and Secondary Research in Marketing

Primary and Secondary Research in Marketing Critically analyse the effectiveness of primary and secondary research applied to product development (looking at qualitative and quantitative research). Market research can be understood in terms of how the activity is carried out, designing questionnaires, planning respondent samples, methods of data collection and analysis etc, in other words the techniques of the discipline. The purpose of market research is to assist and improve marketing decisions; selecting the optimum alternative or even setting the decision-making agenda, i.e. what are the real marketing issues facing us? In any field, the basis of good decision making is having effective and accurate information available and using it accordingly. Almost any information required in or contributing to marketing decision making and the methods used to acquire that information, can be considered to be market research but, as a distinct and specialized activity, it is the provision of information about the market that is usually the central concern. People and organisations regularly need to understand the markets that they find themselves in, including the needs of consumers that make up these markets. This understanding can be intuitive and based on common sense, where many successful decisions have been and continue to be based on no more than instinct. However, in competitive markets where implementing a decision may require major financial resources and where the costs of failure are high, there is a need for decision making based on more rigorous and reliable data. Additionally, many features of modern markets and marketing such as consumer diversity, internationalization and the ever accelerating pace of change, increase uncertainty and make the informal and intuitive approaches to understanding less secure. The more formal techniques of market research, which have been developed and matured over the last few decades, generally offer a basis for increased confidence in decision making and so reduce some of the risks that always will be present in markets. The primary purpose for market research is risk aversion, to understand what the market wants, and not just what a few customers want and reduce the risk of developing the wrong product. THE MEANING OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Product development is the phase in which the organisationdetermines if it is technically feasible to produce the product and if it canbe produced at costs low enough to make the final price reasonable. To testits acceptability, the idea or concept is converted into a prototype, orworking model. Concept cars for example are used in the development of newvehicles. The prototype should reveal tangible and intangible attributesassociated with the product in consumers minds. The products design, mechanicalfeatures and intangible aspects must be linked to wants in the marketplace.This includes the service aspects of the product, which are a vital componentof many products. Failure to determine how consumers feel about the productand how they would use it may lead to the products failure. For example, the Sinclair C5 electric buggy car, was developed as a serious on-road, single seater car for city or country use. However, drivers felt unsafe in a small buggy, and campus students ended up using the remaining stocks on-pavement runabouts. The development phase of a new product is frequently lengthyand expensive; thus a relatively small number of product ideas are put intodevelopment. If the product appears sufficiently successful during this phaseto merit testing, then during the latter part of the development phasemarketers begin to make decisions regarding branding, packaging, labelling,pricing and promotion for use in the test marketing phase. With this in mind we can now move on to talk about theeffectiveness of the use of primary and secondary research in productdevelopment. COLLECTING DATA There are two types of data collection methods, they areprimary data collection and secondary data collection. Primary Data Collection: this type of datacollection are usually observed and recorded or collected directly fromrespondents. This type of data must be gathered by observing phenomena orsurveying respondents. Primary data collection can be deemed as bespoke andtherefore time consuming and costly. This process is more lengthy and complex, it is typicallymore costly, involving experimentation, sampling, survey methods, andquestionnaire construction. The acquisition of primary data often requires anexperimental approach to determine which variable or variables caused an eventto occur. Experimentation: this involves keeping certainvariables constant so that the effects of the experimental variables can bemeasured. For example, when Apple tests a change in its AppleWorks wordprocessing computer program, all sales and marketing variables should be heldconstant except the change in the program. Sampling: by systematically choosing a limited numberof units, or sample, to represent the characteristics of a total population,marketers can project the reactions of a total market or market segment. Theobjective of sampling in product development, therefore, is to selectrepresentative units from total population. Sampling procedures are used instudying the likelihood of events based on assumptions about the future. Survey Methods: This includes interviews by mail,e-mail, or telephone and personal interviews. Selection of a survey methoddepends on the nature of the problem, the data needed to test the hypothesisand the resources, such as funding and personnel that are available to theresearcher. Questionnaire Construction: A careful constructedquestionnaire is essential to the success of any survey. A questionnaire is abase document for research purposes that provides the questions and thestructure for an interview or self-completion and has provision forrespondents answers. Questions must be designed to elicit information thatmeets the studys data requirements. Observation Methods: This method enables a researcherto record respondents overt behaviour, taking note of physical conditions andevents. Direct contact with respondents is avoided; instead, their actions areexamined and noted systematically. Observation is straightforward and avoids acentral problem of survey methods: motivating respondents to state their truefeelings or opinions. Secondary Collection Data: These types of dataare normally compiled inside or outside the organisation for some purpose otherthan the current investigation. Secondary data include general reportssupplied to an enterprise by various data services. Such reports might concernmarket share, retail inventory levels and consumer buying behaviour. Commonly,secondary data is already available in private or public reports or have beencollected and stored by the organisation itself. Because secondary data arealready available, which does save valuable time and money, they should beexamined prior to the collection of any primary data. Marketers often begin themarketing research for product development by gathering secondary information.They may use available reports and other information from both internal andexternal sources to identify a marketing problem. Internal sources of secondary data can contribute to productdevelopment. For example, an organisations marketing databank may containinformation about past marketing activities, such as sales records and researchreports that can be used to test hypothesis and pinpoint problems.Organisations accounting records are also an excellent source of data, butstrangely enough tend to be overlooked. The large volume of data that anaccounting department collects does not automatically flow to the productdevelopment area. Secondary data can also be retrieved from periodicals, censusreports, government publications, the World Wide Web and unpublished sources.Periodicals such as Investors chronicles, Marketing, The Economist, Campaign,Marketing Week, Wall Street Journal, and Fortune, print general informationthat is helpful for defining problems and developing hypothesis. Other external sources of secondary data are Trade journals,trade associations, international sources, commercial sources, governments,books in print, periodical indices and computerized literature retrievaldatabases. TYPES OF MARKET RESEARCH METHODS Broadly speaking there are two types of marketing researchmethods, they are qualitative and quantitative methods. The names describe thebasic difference in the results. Quantitative methods use samples large enoughthat there is statistical confidence in the results. Qualitative methods usevery small samples with no statistical significance. A complete research planincludes both categories of research. The mix depends on the stage ofdevelopment, the research objectives available funds, and other variables. Often, qualitative such as a focus group can be used to better identify what the issues are to do with a new product. Quantitative research is then employed to determine how prevalent the issue or need is. Qualitative research is the term applied to research that is considered exploratory or conceptual. Qualitative research will provide context,insights, and ideas for more research. The idea for the use of this type of research method is to get the participants to talk about their experiences,give opinions about situations, and to react to scenarios or prototypes. The basic characteristics of qualitative research are, broad objectives; small samples, results tend not to be generalizable or target population; and it is best used early in order to identify issues and again later in the process to validate. The following methods under qualitative methods are the most commonly used. They are: review of secondary information, focus groups and related techniques (brainstorming sessions), and observations/ ethnographic studies (insetting where the product is actually used. Quantitative research is the term applied to researchthat is considered conclusive. A researcher might use quantitative research totest hypothesis, describe the market or target population characteristics, andcheck relationships among variable. The results lead to formal conclusions andrecommendations to inform decision-making. The idea is to get enough responsethat the research will feel confident that the results reflect the market. The basic characteristics of quantitative research are:defined objectives that include hypothesis, focused research design identifieswho, how, what, why and when, large enough sample to allow for generalization(projection of results), and heart of the research. The most common quantitative research methods are: Surveys,which could be mail, telephone, online; usability studies; field testing;laboratory testing and conjoint analysis. Quantitative research is alsoconcerned with measuring aspects of a market or the population of consumersmaking up the market. This includes soft phenomena such as consumer attitudesas well as the hard things such as market size, brand shares, purchase frequenciesetc. Quantitative research and sampling: Quantitative data on a market or consumer group can be obtained through carrying out a census on the general populace, so as to obtain the relevant measures from every single consumer or (in the case of business-to-business research) player in the market. In practice market research through a census is very rare; for one thing it is usually prohibitively expensive to obtain data from every individual (the government only carries out a population census once every 10 years) and even when the money is made available the timescales involved are likely to be too long to meet commercial deadlines. Quantitative market research is, therefore, nearly always based on more or less rigorous sampling methods which have in common the assumption that the data from samples can betaken to represent, within estimated levels of accuracy, the population or universe from which they are retrieved from. Types of Quantitative Data: The range of information which can be and is collected through quantitative research is enormous if not infinite. In relation to deciding how data should be collected, all possibilities can be slotted into a simple threefold classification. They are: market measure; customer profiles or segmentation; and attitudinal data. Market measures quantify and describe a market. Common examples include: market and sector size; shares of the market held by suppliers or brands; penetration levels (what proportion of all potential consumers own or buy a product); purchase and consumption frequencies; patterns of consumption and seasonality. A vital concern in any marketing is knowing and understanding the potential customer base, what type or organisations are they? What other types of products or services do they own or use? What is required to meet this need is customer profiling or segmentation data and it is quantitative in nature because reliable breakdowns are needed for the whole market or population Additionally attitudinal data is also used in a quite general sense to cover concepts such as awareness, perceptions, beliefs, evaluations,preferences, and propensities. In other words they are, in their various forms, subjective and reside in the minds of individuals (attitudinal data is collected in business-to-business research but in the end it is still attitudes of individuals within organisations or companies, as such, do not have attitudes). Much of market research is concerned with attitudes and attitude measurement because attitudes are assumed to influence if not determine behaviour; understand consumer attitudes and the marketing may mould consumer choice in the products favour. Level of Measurement: Depending on the stage of product development, research measurement can be used to focus on particular market levels and use techniques appropriate for find out the possible level of satisfaction that will be gained from using the product. For example,manufacturers passing on sales figures, in confidence, to a third party (e.g.trade association) which collates them. Retail sales and brand shares are likely to be collected most accurately at the retail level through a retail audit. Patterns of consumption and profiles of consumers, however, will require data collection at the final level through some type of interviewing programme. The market level from which data is required, therefore, has an important bearing on the research methodology. The size of a market, for example, can be estimated by grossing up the consumption levels among a sample to the total population within the market. With adjustments (e.g. for imported products, shrinkage through the retail chain, etc) estimates also can be made of manufacturers and distributors / retail sales. However, in making such estimates various uncertain assumptions nearly always have to be made and this affects the reliability of the final data. Frequency of Measurement: Market research data is often required at only a single point in time; the current market, the shares held now by each brand, the profile of current consumers etc. In such cases the research methodology is commonly designed as a one-off and the project(i.e. product development). It is also possible that at some future date it may be decided be the organisation to collect the same sort of data again and a similar research design maybe used but at the time the first project is considered this not to be of significant importance at the time. In terms of research expenditure, most market research budgets are taken up buying repeat measures through continuous research. Continuous data allows important measures to be tracked overtime; movements in brand shares for example show progress (or decline) against competitors and changes in the trend provide an early warning to take action. Discrete trends also can be interrelated to other measures taken in the continuous research programme (e.g. media exposure) or independent variables such as economic indicators and all the data ca be integrated into a model which allows for predictions to be made or enables what if questions to be answered. Continuous data can be collected from matched samples (each made up of different respondents) and in some applications this is the preferred approach. Due to the high costs associated with conducting continuous research, much of the wok tends to be syndicated with costs shared among a number of subscribers. The nature of the respondent: The location of potential respondents may for example, influence any decision to use phone or visit interviewing. Other considerations may favour face-to-face methods but if the selected sample of say 50 potential buyers of a product is spread allover Western Europe, phone interviewing maybe ruled out if an important part of the sample is seldom found there; e.g. older people. Respondents personal attributes may also influence the research design. Self completion surveys are not appropriate among an illiterate or semi-literate respondent group or where interest in the subject of the research is likely to be low. Similarly, the wording of questions may need to reflect respondents language skills and familiarity with terminology: computer jargon may have a place in a survey of IT workers but not among the general population. Where as is common, the sample is mixed in these respects, the design must actually work lowest common denominator assumptions. Access to communications and the status of respondents are also relevant to an appropriate design. While most business-to-business respondents can be contacted by phone, this will be less the case where shop floor attitudes need to be established or where workers are very mobile. In such cases respondents may need to be recruited away from their place of work. THEDIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN PRODUCTDEVELOPMENT The roots of the words qualitative and quantitative imply that one is based on quality and the other on quantity. There is some truth in this. Qualitative research is centrally concerned with the understanding rather than the measurement of things. The trouble is the lack of measurement means that it is never possible to be absolutely sure that the findings are correct. It is his inability to validate qualitative research that causes some consternation in relation to its use in product development. For example, the government recently commissioned little qualitative research as it is worried that the findings would not stand up to public scrutiny. More recently, though, since the 1997 General Election, interest by government in focus groups and similar had become a news item. The focus on quality and small numbers of respondents allows the research consultants to collect much of the data themselves in contrast to qualitative surveys where the numbers of interviews are too great for any single person to make more than a dent. One of the strengths of qualitative research is that it deeply involves experienced and skilled practitioners in the subject who can lift data and turn it into creative research findings. Here too there are problems as well as advantages. Much of the information gathered through qualitative research depends on the skills of the practitioner. Small numbers of respondents and just one or two people carrying out the interviewing allows more open-ended questions than in quantitative surveys. Open-ended questioning is the fabric of qualitative researchers. There is no hard and fast rule as to the break in sample size between qualitative and quantitative research. Most researchers would agree that 30 or fewer respondents would certainly constitute qualitative work.Others would argue that any sample much below 200 interviews is verging on the qualitative method because such low numbers produce findings with extremely large bands of error. According to Goodyear (1990), qualitative and quantitative research differs in four important ways, they are: in the type of problem that each can solve; the methods of sampling; the methods of sampling; the methods and style of collecting information; and the approach to and techniques of analysis. THE RESEARCH CYCLE The research cycle is different depending on what stage of product development the research is done for. A typical research cycle would include most or all of the steps mentioned below. These steps should be regarded as categorised as a combination both primary and secondary research.They are: Secondary Literature Search: An astonishing amount of information exists here, or is being collected about consumer needs, wants their behaviour, about markets, prices, opportunities, etc. A list of questions and assumptions is required at this stage to identify what customers would see in the product. One could use the internet to locate studies that relate to it. This is an inexpensive way to prepare for the other research steps. At this point the primary concern for the researcher are,opportunities, and potential of the product, and identifying information to help in formulating plans. Exploratory Focus Groups: These groups enable the researcher to hear about peoples needs, wishes, current products (especially the strengths and weaknesses), how they compensate for what they dont have, attitudes about the markets, etc. At this point the researcher is still thinking about opportunities, potential, etc, and looking for information to formulate plans. Ethnographic Study: One may want to observe people using related products and services in real time. This helps clarify what is gathered in research studies and heard in focus groups. At this point the latter of opportunities still holds. Large Scale Survey: The survey allows one to collect quantifiable information about assumptions, questions raised by the focus groups, planning, and general market conditions of the product from the general populace. At this point the researcher would already have concrete assumptions about potential customers, their needs, and the market in general. In this situation one is looking to verify those assumptions and ideas, with statistical confidence. Additionally one may want to conduct surveys throughout the development process to clarify issues, help you make choices etc. Usability Testing and Laboratory Testing: the test here helps one to refine various features of the product as it is being developed. Are the buttons in the right place, etc? At this point a prototype is being built, according to the information already gathered through primary and secondary sources using qualitative and quantitative methods of research.As the major components of the new product are being put together, its best to test their functionality with real customers. Prototype Focus Groups: These groups test the researchers execution of plans gathered previously. For example, do the features of the prototype meet their needs of the market? At this point specific information with regard to feedback about the look, feel, feasibility,etc of the prototype is gathered. (The researcher should expect at least two or three rounds of groups to refine the new product). Field Test: This enables the new product to betested. Users put the prototype through its paces. One might want to makesure that the product is tested in a variety of settings to make sure theproduct goes through the range of possible experiences. At this point the producthas been designed and built. Now is to see how good the product is with regardto its market category, in which substantial evaluation has already beencarried out. SUMMARYAND CONCLUSION This paper has looked at the meaning of product development, thetwo types of data collection methods namely, primary data collection andsecondary data collection methods. Under primary data collection itidentifies, the type of primary data collection, namely, experimentation,sampling, survey methods, questionnaire construction and observation methods.Under secondary data, we have identified the use of periodicals, census report,government publication, trade journals and the World Wide Web as being the mostused method under this type of data collection. We have also described thetypes of market research methods, namely, qualitative and quantitative researchmethods Under quantitative research we have looked at sampling, the types of quantitative data used, level of measurement, frequency of measurement, and nature of respondent or potential customers for the new product. Additionally, we have also identified a few differences in the use of research methods for product development such as the measurement of the concluded findings for a research etc. Finally, we looked at the research cycle with regard to what point of the cycle a new product would be evaluated and tested in real markets. The research cycle tells us about the use of secondary literature search, exploratory focus groups, ethnographic study, large scale survey, usability testing and laboratory testing, prototype focus groups, and field testing in product development. It is worthwhile to conclude here that although secondaryresearch, which is based on already existing data or information; i.e. datafrom primary research is one that is collected directly from the source, whilesecondary research builds on primary research already gathered, one should notethat information gathered for secondary research might not be as accurate asone might expect. The reason for this is that, a secondary data collectionresearcher might not have been part of the primary research team, and thereforethe outcome of the results of secondary research to do with quantitativeanalysis might prove to be inaccurate in its use for product development. Further work is required to develop this approach to see if the potential benefits can actually be realised in practice. Additionally, there should be a greater consideration of the issues involved in secondary analysis of single, multiple, and mixed data sets. Finally, some more specific guidelines are needed for researchers about the ethical issues to be considered when undertaking qualitative work that maybe re-used in the future such as being biased and not taking on board important issues that would affect the outcome of the product in the final stages of development. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Achenbaum,A.A., (1993), The future challenge to market research, MarketingResearch: A magazine of Management and Applications, 5(2), pp. 12-18 Albaum,G., (1987), Do source and anonymity affect mail survey results?Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 15(3), pp 74-81 Baker,M.J., (1993), Look before you leap, Research for Marketing,Macmillan, London, Chapter 1, pp. 1-40 Bhaduri,M., De Souza, M., Sweeney, T., (1993), International qualitativeresearch: A critical review of different approaches, Marketing andResearch Today, 2(3), pp. 171-178. Brown,M., (1994), What price response?, The Journal of the MarketResearch Society, 36, pp. 227-244. Byers,P.Y. and Wilcox, J.R., (1991), Focus groups: a qualitative opportunityfor researchers, Journal of Business Communication, 28(1), pp. 63-78. Chisnall,P., (1992), Role and development of marketing research, MarketingResearch, 4th edn., McGraw Hill, London, Chapter 1, pp. 3-22. Colwell,J., (1990), Qualitative market research: a conceptual analysis andreview of practioner criteria, The Journal of the Market Research Society,32. Dibb,S., Simkin, L., Pride, W.M., Ferrell, O.C., (2001), Marketing, conceptsand strategies, Fourth European edition, Chapter 10, pp.301. Freeling,A., (1994), Marketing is in crisis can market research help?,The Journal of the Market Research Society, 36, pp. 97-104 Hooley,G.J. and West, C.J., (1984), The untapped markets for market research,The Journal of the Market Research Society, 26(4). Mason,N., (1990) EPOS, Birn, R., Hague, R., and Vangelder, P. (Eds), Ahandbook of Market Research Techniques, Kogan Page, London. Sweeney,J.C., (1997), Collecting information from groups, a comparison ofmethods, The Journal of the Market Research Society, 39(2), pp. 397-411. Swires-Hennessy,E., and Drake, M., (1992), The optimum time at which to conduct surveyinterviews, The Journal of the Market Research Society, 34(1), pp. 61-78. www.mori.co.uk www.forrester.co.uk